More than 160 years ago, the sight and sound of beavers in local creeks was likely common, splashing their paddle-like tails with their brown bodies gliding through the water with noses just above the water line.

Exterminated by hunting, the North American beaver, scientific name Castor canadensis, has not only been forgotten locally; it was long thought to never have existed in the here at all, according to scientists.

But now, the beaver is back. In April, the first beaver was spotted in a remote stretch of Matadero Creek. Today, there are two of the chubby herbivores. If they successfully reinhabit local creeks, the presence of these large, semiaquatic rodents could herald a return of other long-disappeared species including salmon, endangered amphibiasemins and birds, according to scientists.

The beavers might also play crucial roles in recharging groundwater, repairing stream-channel erosion and restoring wetlands, said Dr. Rick Lanman, a Los Altos-based physician scientist, historical ecologist and president of the Institute of Historical Ecology.

For Lanman, whose groundbreaking work found that beavers were native to Santa Clara County, the journey to rediscover beavers began in 1987. His Los Altos home is located near Adobe Creek.

He began to think about the possibility of beavers being native to the western Bay Area after hearing stories from old-timers such as then-80-year-old Herb Bickell.

"He said, 'You know, I used to fly-fish in the backyard until the 1950s,'" Lanman recalled.

Lanman began to question why the creek is now dry for half a year and there are no fish.

"One of my theories was maybe there were beaver. Beaver ponds are like percolation ponds. They raise the water table so that in our dry season when the water table is high enough, it recharges the creek. He told me the creek used to flow year-round. So did Sen. Alan Cranston, who lived just a little bit upstream from us," Lanman said.

But scientists had long dismissed the beaver as a nonnative to the Bay Area. Joseph Grinnell, the University of California Berkeley's first director of their Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, wrote a book in 1937 called "Fur-bearing Mammals of California," which claimed there were never beaver in the watersheds of the Coast Range nor in the Sierra Nevada, Lanman said.

"And then I met an archaeologist who found a buried beaver dam in the Sierra Nevada. And that was my first historical ecology publication in 2012. It was a buried beaver dam about 12 feet down," he said.

Radiocarbon data of the sticks showed the dam had been there for hundreds of years and was probably rebuilt by successive generations of beavers. The beavers apparently stopped building the dam around 1850, coinciding with the Gold Rush, he said.

"And that's when all these Anglo Americans hunted everything. So by the time we get to 1937, Prof. Joseph Grinnell ... is suffering from what we call 'shifting baseline syndrome,' where you think the way things look when you were born is the way things always were. It's a shift in the baseline," he said.

The physical evidence for beaver habitation in the Bay Area was also scant.

"If you look in California museum records you won't find any beaver," he said, noting that local collections at Stanford University were largely destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and beavers were likely gone from most locations by the time people began collecting. The semiaquatic beavers were hunted out of the area in the mid-19th century, Lanman said.

"But if you look in the Smithsonian, it turns out there's a beaver skull collected on Saratoga Creek around 1855. So that was the first physical evidence of beaver in the Bay Area in a tributary of the South Bay. And we published that paper in 2013 in the California Fish and Game Journal," he said.

Nine years after Lanman and the Institute of Historical Ecology published their findings, in April, Palo Alto resident Bill Leikam, cofounder and board president of the Urban Wildlife Research Project, documented the first modern evidence of beavers in a remote section of Matadero Creek. Leikam, who is known for his research on the celebrated baylands gray foxes, captured images of a beaver on trail cameras after being alerted by a friend. First one, and then two beavers appeared in the ghostly black-and-white images.

Then, one early morning in September, Leikam had a face-to-face encounter with a single beaver swimming in deep water. He captured a color image with his camera.

He recently did a sweep through the area on a sunny afternoon. If the critters were present, it was still too light for them to appear, he said. Beavers are crepuscular — they are active mainly at twilight and dawn, he said. But he described what he encountered on the morning he took the photograph.

"They probably weigh about 30 to 40 pounds and they eat mostly willows," he said.

Again, physical evidence is hard to find. There's no beaver dam and no tracks. Leikam said they are likely living in a den they have made deep in a creek bank. The area would be camouflaged by trees and brush; its entrance is likely under water and is angled up into the bank.

Beavers don't always build dams; they mainly do so in shallow water to raise the level, he said. Beaver dens also aren't likely to compromise wide levees, nor are their dams likely to create a flood hazard, according to Lanman.

When beavers built a dam in San Jose, Santa Clara Valley Water District wanted them to be removed, but Lanman argued against it.

"The beaver dams don't hold up against storms like our winter storms. They just blow out and then they just rebuild them the next spring and summer. So they're actually not a problem. They don't increase flooding," he said.

How they made their comeback

Beavers got a new chance at returning to Santa Clara County waterways in the 1980s after being reintroduced to Los Gatos Creek. Problem beavers in a Central Valley canal needed to be removed or exterminated by California Fish and Wildlife staff. They chose to relocate and release the beavers into upper Los Gatos Creek where it reaches Lexington Reservoir, even though the animals were still considered a nuisance species and relocating species wasn't — and still isn't — largely allowed.

Still, moving the beavers to a relatively benign location and watching what might happen seemed a worthy experiment.

The animals eventually made it over Lexington Dam and down into Los Gatos Creek, where they were building stick dams. They didn't stop there.

"Over the next decade, a dam shows up in San Jose. The Los Gatos Creek flows into the Guadalupe River, which goes through downtown San Jose to the south bay," Lanman said.

In the early 2000, the beavers began to appear in Coyote Creek to the east, and in 2008 in the San Tomas Aquino Creek where it reaches the Sunnyvale Water Pollution Control Ponds. Beavers have been photographed at Moffett Gate; their tracks, including a tail drag in the mudflats, were photographed in Charleston Slough, just east of the Adobe Creek levee, he said.

"It's right by the San Antonio levee at San Antonio Road. So you're right at the border near Palo Alto. And then there's some reports of a beaver here and there. These are probably 2- to 3-year-olds that have been dispersing after spending a couple of years when they're young with their family," Lanman said.

The beavers use saltwater in San Francisco Bay to move up from one freshwater tributary to the next, now reaching Palo Alto creeks. They aren't likely to travel up the concrete channels of Matadero and Adobe creeks, however, where they and other wildlife have no vegetation cover and are exposed to hawks and owls and other predators, Lanman said.

The concrete waterways are one example of how wildlife habitat is being fragmented and hindering movement of the species. Fragmented and blocked passageways caused by inhospitable habitat, buildings, freeways and other impediments leave wildlife to live in isolated pockets, which leads to inbreeding and disease. An entire population, once stricken, can be wiped out, said Leikam, who has seen the same tragic events happen with the Palo Alto baylands foxes and some raccoons.

Getting to San Francisquito Creek, however, could be a gamechanger for the beavers and other wildlife.

"It's not concrete because it's the border between Santa Clara County and San Mateo County, and the two counties couldn't agree to pay for all the concrete to turn it into a flood channel. So San Francisquito Creek remains natural until you get up to Stanford's Searsville Dam," Lanman said.

The two beavers spotted this year in Palo Alto, if a compatible pair, could potentially mate and start a colony of little beavers with the potential to inhabit San Francisquito Creek and move into adjacent San Mateo County. At a certain point, in favorable habitat and with an open corridor, the population could jump, Lanman said.

Going up San Francisquito Creek would provide the corridor into the upper watersheds that scientists have been hoping for to enhance all kinds of animal populations.

"It's gonna get real interesting. When they reach there, they'll be able to come upstream, and that's a big system. And it's important because beaver provide important ecosystem services. Beaver ponds are insect cafeterias for coho salmon fry. Survival increases like 200 times when there's a beaver pond for them. It's a sheltered place filled with bugs," he said, and provides shelter for steelhead trout and for Chinook salmon.

Those fish populations are collapsing, but the beavers might help them revive, he said.

"Beaver are the one thing we haven't tried. They have these important ecosystem benefits, not just for our trout and salmon, but for all kinds of critters: red legged frogs that are federally endangered; birds that are federally endangered that depend on the hunt over water and bats that hunt over water."

Beavers are a keystone species — one on which other wildlife largely depend for survival — and they have already proven their immense value to reinvigorating ecosystems.

In the city of Martinez, beavers colonized Alhambra Creek and turned the waterway from a trickle to multiple rich ponds and dams. The creek now hosts steelhead trout, and river otter, mink, green heron, hooded mergansers and tule perch, a species of fish likely not previously seen in Alhambra Creek, according to the website martinezbeavers.org.

Lanman and Leikam hope the Palo Alto beavers will also usher in an enriched ecosystem.

"It's so exciting for me to see. Ten years later after we published these papers, finally they show up a couple of miles from my house," Lanman said.